The Federal Government borrowed N3.2 trillion from the investing public through treasury bills, TBs, in 2020, while itΒ paid N253 billion as interest on TB borrowings from January to September 2020. This represents marginal increase of 1.9 percent, year-on-year, y/y,Β when compared with the N3.13 trillion borrowed through the instrument in 2019.
Furthermore,Β the amount borrowed in 2020 represents 84 percent of the N3.71 trillion treasury bills borrowing that matured and were repaid in 2020. Vanguard analysis of TBs issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on behalf of the federal government (FG) showed that the amount of matured TBs repaid rose by 19 percent, y/y,Β Β to N3.71 trillion in 2020 from N3.12 trillion in 2019. Further analysis showed that the FG borrowed N922.3 billionΒ the first quarter (Q1β2020) representing 29 percent, quarter-on-quarter (q/q) increase when compared with the N716.26 billion borrowed in the fourth quarter of 2019 FG, however, borrowed less inΒ the second quarter (Q2β2020) as the amount of TBs sold dropped by 36 percent, q/q, to N593.7 billion. But the volume spiked in Q3β2020, as the TBs sold on behalf of the FG shot up byΒ Β 68 percent, q/q, to N1 trillion, before falling by 39 percent, q/q, to N614 billion in Q4β2020. Analysis of matured TBs repaid, showed that FG in Q1β2020 repaid N1.27 trillion. Matured TBs repaid, however, dropped by 63 percent, q/q,Β in Q2β2020 to N470.6 billion. The amount of TBs repaid picked up by 134 percent, q/q, in Q3β2020 to N1.1 trillion before falling by 21 percent, q/q to N864.4 billion in Q4β2020.
Vanguard analysis further showed that the N3.2 trillion borrowed by the FGΒ through TBs in 2020 represents 60 percent more than the N2 trillion borrowed through the monthly FGN Bond sale by the Debt Management Office (DMO) ThisΒ reflects the impact of sharp fall in yields on TBs on the borrowing activities of the FG from the domestic market in 2020. Analysis showed that the average interest rate on freshly issued TBs also known as Primary Market bills fell toΒ 0.09 percent in December 2020 from 4.8 percent in December 2019. This representsΒ 4,746 basis points (bpts) decline.Β Β This was compounded by the exclusion of local investors from the secondary market (Open Market Operations)Β TBs. As a result FG paid less interest on TBs borrowing in the nine months ended September 2020.Β Β Data from DMO showed the FG paid N253 billion as interest on TB borrowings from January to September 2020, down by 6.6 percent from N271 billion paid in the corresponding period of 2019.
Vanguard
ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΡ. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ Π’ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ web-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π² Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ hydra onion ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π± Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ-Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π’ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π―Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°, Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ½Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ Π’ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ web-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ² ΠΊ ΠΆΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ hydra onion ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° hydra? ΠΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Ρ.ΠΊ. ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π° Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ VPN ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ hydra ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π Ρ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π‘ΠΠ. Π’ΡΡ ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ hydra ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΡ Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ’Π¬.
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ 2015 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° β ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Bitcoin ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π° βΠΠ°Π»Π°Π½Ρβ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Hydra ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ (ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ); Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ β ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ online ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Hydra Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π²Π°ΠΉΡΡ. Π ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Hydra ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ βΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈβ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡ hydra, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ, Ρ.ΠΊ. ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° hydra ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ.
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ Π‘ΠΠ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ.Π Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, web ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ.
When I originally commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove me from that service? Thank you!
What’s up mates, its wonderful piece of writing concerning educationand fully explained, keep it up all the time.
These are truly great ideas in about blogging. You have touched some good points here. Any way keep up wrinting.
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Good day! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my comment form? I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having trouble finding one? Thanks a lot!
ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊ Π½Π° 12 ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ 35 ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ 22 ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, 69 ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ.
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ΠΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ.
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